Topaz Impression generates natural painterly effects by painting brush strokes one at a time. (It just does this very fast!) Impression can paint over 10,000 brushstrokes in less than a second, all while completely following your artistic direction, making truly personal art that you can call your own.
Topaz is a silicate mineral of aluminium and fluorine with the chemical formula Al2SiO4(F,OH)2. It is used as a gemstone in jewelry and other adornments. Common topaz in its natural state is colorless, though trace element impurities can make it pale blue or golden brown to yellow orange. Topaz is often treated with heat or radiation to make it a deep blue, reddish-orange, pale green, pink, or purple.
Topaz B And W Effects Serial Key
Download File: https://shoxet.com/2vFib9
Nicols, the author of one of the first systematic treatises on minerals and gemstones, dedicated two chapters to the topic in 1652.[12] In the Middle Ages, the name topaz was used to refer to any yellow gemstone, but in modern times it denotes only the silicate described above.
Many English translations of the Bible, including the King James Version, mention topaz. However, because these translations as topaz all derive from the Septuagint translation topazi[os], which referred to a yellow stone that was not topaz, but probably chrysolite (chrysoberyl or peridot), topaz is likely not meant here.[13]
An English superstition also held that topaz cured lunacy.[14] The ancient Romans believed that topaz provided protection from danger while traveling.[15] During the Middle Ages, it was believed that attaching the topaz to the left arm protected the owner from any curse and warded off the evil eye. It was also believed that wearing topaz increased body heat, which would enable people to relieve a cold or fever.[16] In Europe during the Middle Ages, topaz was believed to enhance mental powers.[17]
Topaz is a gemstone. In cut and polished form, it is used to make jewellery or other adornments. It also has other uses. Orange topaz, also known as precious topaz, is the conventional birthstone for November, the symbol of friendship and the state gemstone of the U.S. state of Utah.[18] Blue topaz is the state gemstone of the US state of Texas.[19]
Topaz in its natural state is colorless, often with a greyish cast. It also occurs as a golden brown to yellow which makes it sometimes confused with citrine, a less valuable gemstone.[20] The specific gravity of all shades of topaz, however, means that it is considerably heavier than citrine (about 25% per volume) and this difference in weight can be used to distinguish two stones of equal volume. Also, if the volume of a given stone can be determined, its weight if topaz can be established and then checked with a sensitive scale. Likewise, glass stones are also much lighter than equally sized topaz.
A variety of impurities and treatments may make topaz wine red, pale gray, reddish-orange, pale green, or pink (rare), and opaque to translucent/transparent. The pink and red varieties come from chromium replacing aluminium in its crystalline structure.
Imperial topaz is yellow, pink (rare, if natural) or pink-orange. Brazilian imperial topaz can often have a bright yellow to deep golden brown hue, sometimes even violet. Many brown or pale topazes are treated to make them bright yellow, gold, pink, or violet colored. Some imperial topaz stones can fade on exposure to sunlight for an extended period of time.[21][22] Naturally occurring blue topaz is quite rare. Typically, colorless, gray, or pale yellow and blue material is heat treated and irradiated to produce a more desired darker blue.[22] Mystic topaz is colorless topaz which has been artificially coated via a vapor deposition process giving it a rainbow effect on its surface.[23]
Although very hard, topaz must be treated with greater care than some other minerals of similar hardness (such as corundum) because of a weakness of atomic bonding of the stone's molecules along one or another axial plane (whereas diamonds, for example, are composed of carbon atoms bonded to each other with equal strength along all of its planes). This gives topaz a tendency to break along such a cleavage plane if struck with sufficient force.[24]
Topaz has a relatively low index of refraction for a gemstone, and so stones with large facets or tables do not sparkle as readily as stones cut from minerals with higher refractive indices, though quality colorless topaz sparkles and shows more "life" than similarly cut quartz. When given a typical "brilliant" cut, topaz may either show a sparkling table facet surrounded by dead-looking crown facets or a ring of sparkling crown facets with a dull well-like table.[25] It also takes an exceptionally fine polish, and can sometimes be distinguished from citrine by its slippery feel alone (quartz cannot be polished to this level of smoothness).[26]
Another method of distinguishing topaz from quartz is by placing the unset stone in a solution of bromoform or methylene iodide. Quartz will invariably float in these solutions, whereas topaz will sink.[26]
Brazil is one of the largest producers of topaz,[27] some clear topaz crystals from Brazilian pegmatites can reach boulder size and weigh hundreds of pounds. The Topaz of Aurangzeb, observed by Jean Baptiste Tavernier weighed 157.75 carats (31.550 g).[28] The American Golden Topaz, a more recent gem, weighed a massive 22,892.5 carats (4,578.50 g). Large, vivid blue topaz specimens from the St. Anns mine in Zimbabwe were found in the late 1980s.[29] Colorless and light-blue varieties of topaz are found in Precambrian granite in Mason County, Texas[30] within the Llano Uplift. There is no commercial mining of topaz in that area.[31] It is possible to synthesize topaz.[32]
Better Black and Whites: Topaz B&W Effects takes you beyond traditional black and white conversion methods by integrating unique features like a 5-in-1 selective adjustment brush, adaptive exposure, quad toning, historical processing collections, creative effects and more - giving you remarkable creativity and flexibility never seen before within a black and white program.
With more and more large-scale solar farmsbeing developed in the sunny southwestern UnitedStates, researchers and conservationists alike arebeginning to notice surprising environmental55effects. While solar energy is known for its positiveenvironmental impacts, officials at the National Fishand Wildlife Forensics Laboratory have come to rec-ognize one of its significant downsides: Some spe-cies of birds that live in close proximity to large solar60plants are dying off, including endangered birds.A recent federal investigation recovered233 birds that had been killed as a direct result ofsolar plants. Researchers believe that some of theaffected birds have mistaken the large, reflective65areas of the solar panels for bodies of water. Thisis a phenomenon referred to by scientists as "lakeeffect." The birds are drawn to what they assume tobe water. They home in on the area and slam intothe panels with great force. It is thought that70the insects that birds eat fall victim to "lake effect"as well, leading the birds into the panels.Researchers estimate that between 1,000 and28,000 birds are killed as a result of harvestingsolar energy. The number of birds affected by75wind farming is much greater, ranging from140,000 to 328,000. Coal-fired electricity has the larg-est negative effect on birds, killing nearly 8 milliona year. These numbers make solar farming seemlike the best option. However, conservationists80are quick to point out that the areas where solar isexpected to boom between 2015 and 2020 are hometo some of the rarest birds in the United States. Thiscould put specific bird species at risk of extinction.There exists a state mandate in California that8520 percent of all electricity sold must be renew-able by the year 2017. This has been one drivingforce behind the rapid development of huge solarfarms. The industry, which is expecting to boom asa result of this shift to renewable energy, is facing90newly filed lawsuits by conservationist groups,citing the negative impact on wildlife. Theselawsuits could prolong the approval process for theplanned solar developments across the Southwest.
Among its best features are modern filters for noise removal, sharpening, enhancing contrast and details, and performing black and white conversions, over 200 looks for predefined styles, and more than 200 textures. Topaz Studio 2 also offers special effects that simulate brush strokes similar to paintings, add glow, and recreate vintage film effects. In addition, it works with layers and masks to give you full control over the artistic process.
Topaz Labs plugins deliver high-quality results and offer amazing effects. They link old-school photography with new digital effects, provide customized camera and lens profiles, and offer many creative effects and presets. In the area of photo editing, Topaz Labs products are powerful competitors.
Temperature dependence of full elastic constant tensor. (a) Principal components (\(C_11,\,C_22,\,C_33\)) (b) off-diagonal components (\(C_12,\,C_13,\,C_23\)), (c) shear elastic constants (\(C_44,\,C_55,\,C_66\)), and (d) the aggregate elastic moduli (\(K_H\) and \(G_H\)) of topaz as a function of temperature. The filled grey symbols are from recent RUS experiments on topaz crystal13 with \(x_OH=\mathrm0.21.\,\,\)The dashed lines represent the linear fits \(\fracdC_ijdT\), \(\fracdK_HdT\), and \(\fracdG_HdT\).
We analyzed the axial compressibilities (\(\beta _i\), where i is the crystallographic axis) of topaz, where \(\beta _a=\)\(S_11+S_12+S_13\), \(\,\beta _b=S_21+S_22+S_23\), and \(\,\beta _c=S_31+S_32+S_33\) represents the compressibility along the \(a\), \(b\), and \(c\) axes respectively. We used the components of the \(C_ij\) and \(S_ij\) tensors to calculate the aggregate elastic moduli of topaz following Voight-Reuss-Hill (VRH) approximation24,25. We calculated compressional (\(V_P)\) and shear (\(V_S)\) sound velocities using the Hill averaged bulk modulus (\(K_H\)), shear modulus (\(G_H)\) and the density (\(\rho \)) (Supplementary Table ST2b). 2ff7e9595c
Kommentare